Thus a change in M leaves V unaffected but brings a corresponding change in expenditure (MV) in the economy. What are the four types of unemployment? Section II argues that systematic monetary policy can be used to affect the behavior of output. The Earned Income Tax Credit brings more low-wage single parents into the workforce. 1. Keynesian economists (of all stripes) want fiscal policy (essentially, government budgets) to increase consumer demand. Monetary Policy and the Activist Nonactivist Debate Activists argue that monetary and fiscal policies should be deliberately used to smooth out the business cycle. Economists often agree about the general effects of tax policy. B) responsiveness of money demand to the interest rate is small. Others argue that an acceptable rate is closer to 4.5%. Monetarists therefore claim that monetary policy over the longer term is an extremely powerful weapon for controlling aggregate demand (PQ). They are in favor of economic fine-tuning, which is the frequent use of monetary and fiscal policies to counteract even small undesirable movements in economic activity. The Keynesian analysis considered only two types of assets: bonds and speculative cash balances, and their allocation depended on the rate of interest which, in turn, resulted in changes in output. Some economists argue that if short-term, foreign-currency denominated debt is the real culprit in recent crises, then it makes more sense to address the problem directly, rather than through the indirect approach of making it more costly through a floating exchange rate. Robert Hall (1983) argues forcefully that the central role of monetary policy should be to provide a stable unit of account, and in principle the ability to pay negative interest rates facilitates its ability to achieve this in today’s low inflation environment (Hall, 2002, 2012). This is not because they necessarily believe that the Fed has performed poorly in the last decade, but rather because they believe that there have been times in the past – most recently in the 1970s – when that was the case. His advisers surely knew that was not an accurate description of … In the U.S., monetary policy is carried out by the Fed. Therefore “full employment” is between 4.5 and 5.5% . Keynesian Economics. Enthusiastically embraced by assorted progressive politicians, MMT allegedly demonstrates that such expansive government programs as the Green New Deal will not impose significant financial burdens on government. Monetary policy uses a variety of discretionary tools to control one or both of these to influence outcomes like economic growth, inflation, exchange rates with other currencies, and unemployment. the case in favor of rules and describing the specific monetary policy rules derived from this theory. There is no money multiplier All three of these statements are either false, misleading, or meaningless, depending on how you define terms. They are in favor of economic fine-tuning, which is the frequent use of monetary and fiscal policies to counteract even small undesirable movements in economic activity. Arguments in favor and against the monetary rule. This possibly validates the view that, in the past, severe recessions have been partly caused by over-ambitious macroeconomic policies. Economists argue so much about everything that people are always asking them ... economists definitely tend to favor less government intervention … Those economists who believe that monetary policy is more potent than fiscal policy argue that the: A) responsiveness of money demand to the interest rate is large. Question: D Question 17 2.5 Pts Economists Who Believe That The Economy Is Self-regulating Are More Likely To Be Nonactivists Than Activists. Monetary policy is hard. This problem of "time inconsistency" results in a loss of credibility. Cyclical, structural, seasonal, and frictional. When the central bank is in complete control of the money supply, the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply and influence the interest rate to achieve policy goals.