And if you want to lose 100 pounds or more, there’s another option. Boys scramble up trees to find bees’ nests, and harvest their honey. STEPHEN O’RAHILLY: First of all, you get the hunger signal. And according to Daniel Lieberman that became possible as humans changed their environment. DOFU SHANDALUA (Hadza hunter): (Translated) There is lots of fat here, inside, in the organs. NARRATOR: And that’s why Troy was sick. (08 Apr 2020). But I don’t think the solution is to go back to the Stone Age. If obesity is not due to sedentary lifestyles, it must be caused by eating too many calories. What is set is what is the minimum body weight for that individual. A typical human baby is about fifteen percent body fat. DANNY CAHILL: I was mentally exhausted. From film school reject to Hollywood legend, take a look at Steven Spielberg's career so far and explore what lies ahead. But if you make it to 15 in the Hadza population, there’s a great chance you’re going to live to be in your 60s, even 70s and 80s, and with a much healthier body than we would often have in the West. Find out when The Truth About Fat is on TV. Hunters, like Dofu, walk about nine miles a day, while women foragers walk about five. NARRATOR: And there’s another insight, provided by the Hadza and hunters like Dofu. Rent The Truth About Cats & Dogs (1996) starring Uma Thurman and Janeane Garofalo on DVD and Blu-ray. RUDOLPH LEIBEL (Columbia University): The pieces are starting to fall together. Like, you will lose your period, you will cause all kinds of diseases that you never thought would come to you. And we Hadza, we love to take the fat and fry it up! I’d say, “I wish I could be like that person that eats the same as me and seems to never gain weight.”. But scientists are discovering that it’s not so simple. NARRATOR: Danny was determined to keep the weight off at home. NARRATOR: Do we control our fat? HARTJE ANDRESEN: My hair had really bad quality and my fingernails were really brittle. Some funders of NOVA also fund basic science research. But the richest source of calories, and the hardest to acquire, are the meat and fat of animals. So, many assume that losing weight is simply a matter of eating less and exercising more. So, fat has different roles in our body at different times of our lives. So, across time, our views of what is an attractive amount of body fat has varied enormously. NARRATOR: Volkow found that dopamine receptors, seen as red in the brains of control subjects, are reduced in people with obesity. Yama is the heaviest Japanese man in history. I want to put you on a lifestyle plan that you can sustain for years. We now know that the hormones that come from the G.I. Use the HTML below. FATIMA STANFORD: I don’t want to put you on the next diet. What that basis is required identifying the gene. A normal fat cell produces leptin, which travels to the brain and signals the hypothalamus, a region that determines when and how much we eat. And he was not alone. DANNY CAHILL: I was shocked. But unlike Troy, this mouse was fat, not thin. So, our bodies are beautifully adapted, exquisitely adapted to take any excess energy and turn it into fat. devices to measure how far they travel each day. HARTJE ANDRESEN (Model): The photographer who discovered me said, “You know, you’re perfect. NARRATOR: How can science weigh in on our weight problem? ELIF A. It made no sense, until Troy was diagnosed with a genetic disease called lipodystrophy. I went there to break a record. show called the Biggest Loser captivated audiences. And so, 2,000,000 years ago, we start burning more calories, we get bigger brains. From 42 to "How to Get Away With Murder," take a look back at the TV and movie roles of the stars of Ma Rainey's Black Bottom. It’s a constant, thirsty, demanding organ. And this explains why people will tell you, “I did not want to eat the food. He delayed returning to work so he could exercise several hours a day. Women who walked the runway had to wear size two or smaller clothing. HERMAN PONTZER: Without antibiotics and vaccines, sadly a lot of kids don’t make it to their 15th birthday. scientist Kevin Hall found that 13 of the 14 contestants he examined had regained much of their lost weight, or were even heavier. (Premiered April 8, 2020). And genetics is very powerful, because what it tells you is that obesity has a biological basis. This is Hiroki. NARRATOR: These changes begin as food activates our brain’s reward system, releasing a feel-good chemical, called dopamine. And that’s even after you account for things like body size, body composition, age, gender, all of those factors. I went there to right my life and to get the weight that I’ve been carrying around for years off of me. NARRATOR: But for many models, like Robyn Lawley, that advice was hard to heed. Or does it control us? And if those areas of the brain are not functioning properly, no matter how much you want not to do something, it’s very difficult to carry through. And as the results came back, I wasn’t sure what I was seeing at first. scan, you’ll see all that fat. And it’s leading to at least a hundred different disease entities that we know of. So, my word of advice to you, is don’t. There are four letters, A, G, T and C. These spell out, indirectly, proteins, and a single spelling error can lead to a defective gene. It has to do with our genetics. NARRATOR: Despite being more active, Hadza men only burn on average 2,500 calories per day, and Hadza women about 1,900, the same amount as an average man and woman in the U.S. HERMAN PONTZER: It’s a really counterintuitive result, and it really surprised us. And for the last 2,000,000 years of it, we’ve been hunting and gathering. That’s leagues beyond any primate. Six years later, N.I.H. And the root cause is, in many cases, obesity. After surgery, you went all the way down to 172 pounds and a B.M.I. Now that’s fat! And yet we don’t oscillate between supermodel and an opera diva over the whole period of a year. It’s a chronic disease; it’s a highly complex disease. Although he looks extremely fit, it’s the of lack fat that makes his muscles stand out. To understand the forces that shaped us, a team of scientists have come to Tanzania. KEVIN HALL: Your metabolism was about 800 calories a day lower than what we would expect. SYLVIA TARA (Author, Secret Life of Fat): Fat is critical to our health. Packed with calories, they’ve been labeled obesogenic. And I just want people to realize that obese people aren’t just lazy people. KEVIN HALL (National Institutes of Health): When you make extreme changes to your diet or physical activity patterns, your body responds very strongly, both in terms of slowing down the number of calories that you’re burning, as well as increasing your appetite and hunger. Business Model: Winning the ‘moment of truth’ And through these hormones, fat can communicate with our bodies. Episode 10: The Truth About Fat Whether we like it or not we all need some fat in our diet. That’s the key innovation of the human species. DANNY CAHILL: I went there with a purpose. My confidence levels have soared! That’s more exercise than the average American gets in a week. The answer might shed light on why the Hadza don’t suffer from the chronic diseases seen in the West. So, it would be, girls of my height, like six foot, in a size zero. One of the earliest representations of obesity is a statue carved by hunter gatherers. The brain doesn’t hold onto energy. NARRATOR: But few Americans grasped just how hard the body fought against weight loss until a reality T.V. Diet implies that it’s short term. DANNY CAHILL: And I was told that that would tell your body that you’re starving and that you needed to eat. NARRATOR: Troy was born with a normal amount of fat. View production, box office, & company info. Through real-life stories of hunter-gatherers, sumo wrestlers, and supermodels, NOVA explores the complex functions of fat and the role it plays in controlling hunger, hormones, and even reproduction. RUTH LOOS (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai): These twin studies have shown that the heritability of obesity is around 40 to 70 percent. • The Truth About Fat is published by OneWorld. As an adolescent, Muriel began struggling with her weight, just as her mother had. NARRATOR: The hormone was named “leptin,” from the Greek word leptos, meaning thin. We stay pretty stable. With no fat tissue, excess calories collected in his liver, enlarging and inflaming it. NARRATOR: And it’s not just a U.S. epidemic. Do we control our fat, or does it control us? Netflix’s rendition includes all 10 of the original episodes, plus three brand-new ones, which follow some more recent developments in the case. NARRATOR: And for those like Troy, who can’t make leptin because they lack fat, getting the hormone would be lifesaving. Health expert Vinnie Tortorich exposes the history behind widespread myths and lies regarding healthy eating, fat and weight loss. DANIEL LIEBERMAN: Humans really are by far the fattest ape. Don’t do it.”. But secondly, you slow down your metabolic rate. And the diseases that we’re most likely to die from in the U.S. and Europe are not an issue with the Hadza. NARRATOR: Sana is now taking leptin, and has lost 40 pounds in three months. for obese. NARRATOR: Today, Hartje Andresen is 20 pounds heavier, a mother, and modeling on her own terms. NARRATOR: Scientists began to hunt for the mutation that made the mouse obese, combing through the 2.5-billion letters of its genome. I can go four to five hours without eating anything and I’ll be totally fine. NARRATOR: Hartje lost the weight an agency had requested, getting down to 100 pounds. Back in Tanzania, Herman Pontzer and Brian Wood, working with a team of international scientists, hope to find out. The Truth Behind Netflix’s ‘Afflicted’ ... We are some of the subjects of the recent Netflix docuseries, Afflicted. So, obesity is not just about the environment, not just about your lifestyle. Netflix describes it as "[traveling] deep into the heart of the food supply chain to reveal unsavory truths and expose hidden forces that shape what we eat." Moving less and feeling constantly hungry, the weight came back. STEPHEN O’RAHILLY: Over the centuries, we’ve had a wide range of views of what the optimal body shape and the optimal body fatness is. When I think about the future now, I’m seeing clear skies everywhere. Scientists are finding hormones and genes that act on the brain to influence our size and shape. Dr Javid Abdelmoneim investigates the truth about alcohol, following the new UK guidelines of 14 units/week for Men. Historians help us sort through fact and fiction in executive producer Shonda Rhimes' saucy Netflix drama about the marriage market in Regency England. As Danny regained weight, his leptin levels should have rebounded. NARRATOR: And the key reason is that sumo wrestlers exercise rigorously, up to seven hours a day. A typical hunter-gatherer male is about 10 to 15 percent body fat; a typical a hunter gather female is 15 to 25 percent body fat. Netflix Apologized – But the Damage Has Been Done Not that I should have to say this, but let me be absolutely clear: Pedophilia in all its forms should be punished to the full extent of the law. DR. LISA NEFF (Northwestern University): Okay, come on in, Sana. And then I just remember E.M.T.s rushing in. NARRATOR: While the Biggest Loser reveals why diets fail, contestants like Danny, who continued to exercise, kept off 10 to 13 percent of their weight. Wherever modern Western post-industrial lifestyles show up, obesity follows with them. Over the next two weeks, by tracking the depletion of these molecules, the scientists can measure the number of calories burned each day. We think of fat as being an evil substance, but fat is life. It predisposes to making you leaner. mouse cannot see itself in a mirror and realize that it’s hugely obese. And the impact of that gene was a mouse that weighed three times normal and had five times as much fat and that overate voraciously. Given their massive size, how do they avoid diseases normally associated with obesity? And those types of processes that are biological are well beyond willpower. However, companies that have invested millions of dollars into selling their products to us often bend the truth. But did they? And I looked at it. gene. ROBYN LAWLEY (Model): It was that heroin chic look at the time. So, the signals coming from the body to this bit of the brain called the hypothalamus are really so powerful. Scientists are coming to understand fat as a dynamic organ—one whose size may have more to do with biological processes than personal choices. PBS Airdate: April 8, 2020. NARRATOR: Growing up on the outskirts of Chicago, Sana Mahmood never suspected hormones might be driving her hunger. For generations, overweight individuals have been stigmatized and cast as lazy. This FAQ is empty. They cover more land per day in their travels. It can communicate with our brains. 06/23/2015 12:40 pm ET Updated Dec 06, 2017 "No man will ever love you," proclaimed my grandmother in her self-assessed infinite wisdom. 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